PHP - Manual: fnmatch

2025-11-01

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fnmatch

(PHP 4 >= 4.3.0, PHP 5, PHP 7, PHP 8)

fnmatch — 用模式匹配文件名

说明

fnmatch(string $pattern, string $filename, int $flags = 0): bool

fnmatch() 检查传入的 filename 是否匹配给出的 shell 通配符 pattern。

参数

pattern

要匹配的 pattern。通常，pattern 将包含匹配符，像 '?' 和 '*'。

**`pattern` 参数要使用的匹配符**
匹配符	说明
`?`	问号将匹配任何单个字符。比如，模式 `"file?.txt"` 将匹配 `"file1.txt"` 和 `"fileA.txt"`，但不会匹配 `"file10.txt"`。
`*`	星号将匹配零或多个字符。例如 `"foo*.xml"` 将匹配 `"foo.xml"` 和 `"foobar.xml"`。
`[ ]`	中括号用于创建 ASCII 码点范围或字符集。例如，模式 `"index.php[45]"` 将匹配 `"index.php4"` 和 `"index.php5"`，但不会匹配 `"index.phpt"`。众所周知的范围是 `[0-9]`、`[a-z]` 和 `[A-Z]`。可以同时使用多个集合和范围，例如 `[0-9a-zABC]`。
`!`	感叹号用于否定中括号内的字符。例如，`"[!A-Z]*.html"` 将匹配 `"demo.html"`，但不会匹配 `"Demo.html"`。
`\`	反斜线用于转义特殊字符。例如 `"Name\?"` 将匹配 `"Name?"` ，但不会匹配 `"Names"`。

filename

要检查的字符串。此函数对于文件名尤其有用，但也可以用于普通的字符串。

普通用户可能习惯于 shell 模式或者至少在最简单的形式下使用 '?' 和 '*' 通配符，因此在前端搜索表达式输入中，使用 fnmatch() 来代替 preg_match() 对于非编程用户更加方便。

flags

flags 值可以是下列 flag 的任意组合，并用位运算符 OR (|) 连接。

**fnmatch()** flag 列表
`Flag`	说明
`FNM_NOESCAPE`	禁用反斜线转义。
`FNM_PATHNAME`	Slash in string only matches slash in the given pattern.
`FNM_PERIOD`	Leading period in string must be exactly matched by period in the given pattern.
`FNM_CASEFOLD`	Caseless match. Part of the GNU extension.

返回值

匹配则返回 true，否则返回 false。

示例

示例 #1 用 shell 中的通配符模式匹配来检查颜色名称

<?php
if (fnmatch("*gr[ae]y", $color)) {
  echo "some form of gray ...";
}
?>

注释

警告

目前该函数无法在 Windows 或其它非 POSIX 兼容的系统上使用。

参见

glob() - 寻找与模式匹配的文件路径
preg_match() - 执行匹配正则表达式
sscanf() - 根据指定格式解析输入的字符
printf() - 输出格式化字符串
sprintf() - 返回格式化字符串

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用户贡献的备注 7 notes

down

me at rowanlewis dot com ¶

14 years ago

Here's a definitive solution, which supports negative character classes and the four documented flags.


<?php


if (!function_exists('fnmatch')) {

define('FNM_PATHNAME', 1);

define('FNM_NOESCAPE', 2);

define('FNM_PERIOD', 4);

define('FNM_CASEFOLD', 16);


        function fnmatch($pattern, $string, $flags = 0) {

            return pcre_fnmatch($pattern, $string, $flags);

        }

    }


    function pcre_fnmatch($pattern, $string, $flags = 0) {

$modifiers = null;

$transforms = array(

'\*'    => '.*',

'\?'    => '.',

'\[\!'    => '[^',

'\['    => '[',

'\]'    => ']',

'\.'    => '\.',

'\\'    => '\\\\'

);


// Forward slash in string must be in pattern:

if ($flags & FNM_PATHNAME) {

$transforms['\*'] = '[^/]*';

        }


// Back slash should not be escaped:

if ($flags & FNM_NOESCAPE) {

            unset($transforms['\\']);

        }


// Perform case insensitive match:

if ($flags & FNM_CASEFOLD) {

$modifiers .= 'i';

        }


// Period at start must be the same as pattern:

if ($flags & FNM_PERIOD) {

            if (strpos($string, '.') === 0 && strpos($pattern, '.') !== 0) return false;

        }


$pattern = '#^'

. strtr(preg_quote($pattern, '#'), $transforms)

            . '$#'

. $modifiers;


        return (boolean)preg_match($pattern, $string);

    }


?>



This probably needs further testing, but it seems to function identically to the native fnmatch implementation.

down

Sinured ¶

16 years ago

An addition to my previous note: My statement regarding the FNM_* constants was wrong. They are available on POSIX-compliant systems (in other words, if fnmatch() is defined).

down

bernd dot ebert at gmx dot net ¶

12 years ago

There is a problem within the  pcre_fnmatch-Function concerning backslashes. Those will be masked by preq_quote and ADDITONALLY by the strtr if FN_NOESCAPE is not set -> something like "*a(*" will finally result in "#^.*a\\(.*$#". Note the double backslash which effectively does NOT mask the "(" correctly.

Since preq_quote always matches a backslash I don't think that this'll work with using preg_quote at all.

down

Frederik Krautwald ¶

17 years ago

soywiz's function still doesn't seem to work -- at least not with PHP 5.2.3 on Windows -- but jk's does.

down

-1

jk at ricochetsolutions dot com ¶

18 years ago

soywiz's function didnt seem to work for me, but this did.

<?php
if(!function_exists('fnmatch')) {

    function fnmatch($pattern, $string) {
        return preg_match("#^".strtr(preg_quote($pattern, '#'), array('\*' => '.*', '\?' => '.'))."$#i", $string);
    } // end

} // end if
?>

down

-2

theboydanny at gmail dot com ¶

17 years ago

About the windows compat functions below:
I needed fnmatch for a application that had to work on Windows, took a look here and tested both. Jk's works for me, soywiz didn't (on WinXPSP2, PHP 5.2.3).
The only difference between them is addcslashes (soywiz) instead of preg_quote (jk). They _should_ both work, but for some reason soywiz's didn't for me. So YMMV.
However, to make JK's fnmatch() work with the example in the documentation, you also have to strtr the [ and ] in $pattern.
<?php
$pattern = strtr(preg_quote($pattern, '#'), array('\*' => '.*', '\?' => '.', '\[' => '[', '\]' => ']'));
?>
And thanks for the functions, guys.

down

-3

phlipping at yahoo dot com ¶

21 years ago

you couls also try this function that I wrote before I found fnmatch:

function WildToReg($str)
{
  $s = "";   
  for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($str); $i++)
  {
   $c = $str{$i};
   if ($c =='?')
    $s .= '.'; // any character
   else if ($c == '*')    
    $s .= '.*'; // 0 or more any characters    
   else if ($c == '[' || $c == ']')
    $s .= $c;  // one of characters within []
   else
    $s .= '\\' . $c;
  }
  $s = '^' . $s . '$';

  //trim redundant ^ or $
  //eg ^.*\.txt$ matches exactly the same as \.txt$
  if (substr($s,0,3) == "^.*")
   $s = substr($s,3);
  if (substr($s,-3,3) == ".*$")
   $s = substr($s,0,-3);
  return $s;
}

if (ereg(WildToReg("*.txt"), $fn))
  print "$fn is a text file";
else
  print "$fn is not a text file";

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官方地址：https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.fnmatch.php

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PHP官方手册 - 互联网笔记

fnmatch

说明

参数

返回值

示例

注释

参见

发现了问题？

用户贡献的备注 7 notes